癌症是一組以異常細胞失去控制的生長和擴散為特徵的疾病。排除癌前病變或原位癌意味著我們不考慮那些細胞表現出癌症早期跡象，但尚未侵入周圍組織或成為侵襲性癌症的情況。
癌症有很多種類，可以根據它們起源的細胞類型進行分類：
癌症：這些是最常見的癌症類型，起源於上皮細胞，這些細胞形成器官和組織的內襯。例如乳腺癌、肺癌、攝護腺癌和結腸癌。
肉瘤：這些癌症較少見，起源於結締組織細胞，如骨骼、肌肉、軟骨和脂肪。例如骨肉瘤、脂肪肉瘤和Ewing肉瘤。
白血病：這些是血細胞癌症，通常影響白血球。它們不形成實體腫瘤，分為四大類型：急性淋巴母細胞性白血病（ALL）、急性髓系白血病（AML）、慢性淋巴性白血病（CLL）和慢性髓性白血病（CML）。
淋巴瘤：這些是淋巴系統的癌症，淋巴系統是免疫系統的一部分。它們可以分為兩個主要類型：霍奇金淋巴瘤和非霍奇金淋巴瘤。
多發性骨髓瘤：這是一種白血球（負責產生抗體的細胞）的癌症。它影響骨髓，可能導致骨痛、骨折等併發症。
腦和脊髓腫瘤：這些是中樞神經系統的癌症。它們可以是良性（非癌性）或惡性（癌性）。
生殖細胞腫瘤：這些癌症是由生殖細胞發展而來的，生殖細胞是產生精子和卵子的細胞。它們可以發生在睪丸（睪丸癌）或卵巢（卵巢癌）以及其他部位。
神經內分泌腫瘤：這些是罕見的癌症，源於激素生成細胞，通常位於胃腸道或肺部。
發展癌症的風險因素因癌症類型而異，但一些常見因素包括年齡、家族癌症史、接觸某些化學物質和物質、輻射暴露、某些感染以及生活方式因素，如吸煙和酒精攝入、飲食和體育活動。
癌症治療方法取決於癌症類型和分期以及患者的整體健康狀況。它們可能包括手術、放射治療、化療、免疫治療、靶向治療、激素治療或幹細胞移植。在某些情況下，可能會使用多種治療方法。
預防和早期發現對減少癌症負擔至關重要。一些預防措施包括保持健康的生活方式、定期接受某些類型癌症的篩查以及避免接觸已知致癌物質。
Cancer is a group of diseases characterized by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Excluding pre-cancer conditions or in-situ status means we are not considering conditions where cells show early signs of cancer but have not yet invaded surrounding tissues or become invasive cancer.
There are many types of cancer, and they can be categorized based on the type of cell they originate from:
Carcinomas: These are the most common types of cancer and originate from epithelial cells, which form the lining of organs and tissues. Examples include breast, lung, prostate, and colon cancers.
Sarcomas: These are less common and arise from connective tissue cells, such as bones, muscles, cartilage, and fat. Examples include osteosarcoma, liposarcoma, and Ewing’s sarcoma.
Leukemias: These are cancers of the blood cells, usually affecting white blood cells. They do not form solid tumors and are classified into four main types: acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), acute myeloid leukemia (AML), chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), and chronic myeloid leukemia (CML).
Lymphomas: These are cancers of the lymphatic system, which is part of the immune system. They can be divided into two main types: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma.
Multiple myeloma: This is a cancer of plasma cells, a type of white blood cell that produces antibodies. It affects the bone marrow and can lead to bone pain, fractures, and other complications.
Brain and spinal cord tumors: These are cancers that arise in the central nervous system. They can be benign (non-cancerous) or malignant (cancerous).
Germ cell tumors: These cancers develop from germ cells, the cells that give rise to sperm and eggs. They can occur in the testicles (testicular cancer) or ovaries (ovarian cancer), as well as other locations.
Neuroendocrine tumors: These are rare cancers that develop from hormone-producing cells, often in the gastrointestinal tract or the lungs.
Risk factors for developing cancer vary depending on the type, but some common factors include age, family history of cancer, exposure to certain chemicals and substances, radiation exposure, certain infections, and lifestyle factors like tobacco and alcohol use, diet, and physical activity.
Cancer treatment options depend on the type and stage of the cancer, as well as the patient’s overall health. They may include surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapy, hormone therapy, or stem cell transplantation. In some cases, a combination of treatments may be used.
Prevention and early detection are crucial for reducing the burden of cancer. Some preventive measures include maintaining a healthy lifestyle, getting regular screenings for certain types of cancer, and avoiding exposure to known cancer-causing substances.
https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Health-Plans/SpecialNeedsPlans/C-SNPs
https://www.cms.gov/Medicare/Health-Plans/SpecialNeedsPlans/Downloads/RFI-Chronic-Condition-SNP-Panel.pdf